The outer segments of photoreceptive pinealocytes in the pineal organ of the funa,Carassius gibelio langsdorfi

Summary The form and size of the outer segments of photoreceptive pinealocytes in the pineal organ of the funa, Carassius gibelio langsdorfi, were observed with the scanning electron microscope. The height of the outer segments measures between 1 and 3 m and the diameter varies widely from 1.5 to 8 m. Various forms of outer segments, i.e. a slender type, a dome-like type, a cap-like type and a helical type, were demonstrated. The parallel-oriented filamentous processes of the inner segments have the same length as the outer segments and a diameter of approximately 100 nm; they are projections from the apical border of the inner segment and surround the cone-like outer segments. The processes make a right angle with the lamellar disks. The distance between two processes averages 100 nm. The lamellar disks of the outer segments are oriented at right angles to the modified cilium in the basal part, but the angle often changes in the peripheral part, where the lamellar disks are raised and become parallel to the cilium.Supported by a fellowship from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science and a grant from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft to M. UeckSupported by a grant from the Ministry of Education of Japan to K.Wake     

Post-natal development of the pineal organ in the hamsters Phodopus sungorus and Mesocricetus auratus

Summary In Phodopus sungorus, as in other mammals, the pineal organ forms an important link in the transduction of photoperiodic information to the endocrine system. The sympathetic innervation, via the superior cervical ganglion, controls the metabolism of serotonin and melatonin in the pineal, which in turn is involved in the control of the gonads. In the present study, the post-natal development of this system was investigated. Specimens 1, 5, 10, and 15 days post partum (p.p.) and adults were treated with monoamine-oxidase-inhibitor and perfused under ether anesthesia via the aorta with a buffer containing glyoxylic acid, formaldehyde and Mg⁺⁺. The brains were then dissected out and treated according to Falck-Hillarp for fluorescence microscopy and microspectrofluorometry. Day 1: The nervi conarii had reached the pineal capsule, but only in a few cases was the pineal organ invaded and then only by a few fibers. Day 5: A rich green-fluorescing net of fibers was present in the entire organ, stalk and lamina intercalaris. No 5-HT fluorescence was observable. Day 10: Similar to the stage at 5 days a rich green-fluorescing nerve fiber net was observed throughout the pineal and a yellow fluorescence in the pineal perikarya. Day 15: The general appearance resembles the adult. The nerve fibers are masked by the intense yellow fluorescence of the pineal perikarya. Fading of the latter, however, allows the catecholamine fluorescence to be seen. Golden hamsters at an age of 15 days p.p. show a similar appearance to Phodopus at an age of 15 days. Microspectrofluorometric determinations indicated the catecholamine to be noradrenaline, and confirmed a 5-HT/5-HTP origin of the yellow fluorescence appearing between day 5 and day 10. The amount of 5-HT/5-HTP was considerably less at day 10 than at day 15 or in adults. Sympathectomy by extirpation of the superior cervical ganglion abolished the catecholamine fluorescence completely in the pineal body, stalk and lamina intercalaris.Supported by grants from the Swedish Natural Science Research Council (to P. Meurling and Th. van Veen), and the Royal Physiographic Society of Lund     

洞庭青鲫形态性状遗传分析

为查明洞庭青鲫(Carassius auratusTungting)原种亲本种质的纯度,进行亲本、子一代之间形态学性状遗传传递规律的分析,测定了从北民湖引入的洞庭青鲫原种亲本27尾和子一代32尾,对其7项可比性状和可数性状进行统计分析,计算出各性状的均值、标准差、变异系数。对亲子之间各性状的综合差异性进行卡方检测。结果表明:亲子之间各性状的均值比较接近但子代比亲本平均多一片侧线鳞;各性状的变异系数,亲本和子代接近,且子代多数性状的变异系数小于亲本;卡方值为0.0172,说明亲子之间各性状的综合评定无显著差异。洞庭青鲫亲子间各性状统计分析说明,子一代不仅没有性状分离现象,而且基因有进一步纯化的趋势。由此推论:北民湖洞庭青鲫原种种群的纯度较高。     

Toward a preliminary assessment of the diversity and origin of Cyprinid fish genus Carassius in Iran

Introduction of non-native fish species has been criticized as one of the major threats to freshwater ecosystems. During recent years, the cyprinid fish genus Carassius has been the subject of various studies in terms of introduction biology and ecology. The taxonomy and identification of described species in the genus Carassius is still ambiguous. In order to increase the knowledge of introduced species of the genus in Iran, molecular approaches were employed to identify species based on the mitochondrial gene, cytochrome b (Cyt b). In total, 417 specimens across Eurasia and some other parts of the world have been analyzed. Afterwards, investigation of the possible origin and pathways of introduction was done using analysis of haplotype networks based on the Cyt b gene. The results revealed that there are three introduced species i.e., Carassius auratus, Carassius gibelio and Carassius langsdorfii, in inland waters of Iran. Carassius langsdorfii was recorded from Iran and western Asia for the first time. Analysis of haplotype network showed various potential sources of introduction for each species in Iran and regions beyond their native distribution ranges.     

恩诺沙星对银鲫急性毒性及血液生化指标的影响

为了解恩诺沙星对异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)的急性毒性及血液生化指标的影响,评价恩诺沙星对异育银鲫的安全性.本实验研究了恩诺沙星对异育银鲫的急性毒性,并观察了恩诺沙星在不同剂量下对异育银鲫血液生化指标的影响.实验结果表明,恩诺沙星对异育银鲫的半数致死剂量为1 949.84 mg/kg,安全剂量为194.98 mg/kg.当恩诺沙星以常规给药剂量(20 mg/kg)连续口灌异育银鲫30 d时,异育银鲫的血清总蛋白含量、谷丙转氨酶含量、谷草转氨酶、γ-谷氨酰转移酶含量与对照组没有显著变化;而当恩诺沙星以40 mg/kg、80 mg/kg、160 mg/kg、320 mg/kg的剂量连续口灌异育银鲫30 d时,异育银鲫的血清谷丙转氨酶含量较对照组分别增加了23％、30％、46％、86％ (P ＜0.05),血清谷草转氨酶含量较对照组分别增加了37％、42％、69％、86％(P＜0.05).本研究确定了恩诺沙星对异育银鲫的安全剂量,证实了恩诺沙星引起异育银鲫出现肝功能失调的剂量范围,对恩诺沙星在异育银鲫养殖中的安全使用提供了科学依据,也证实常规给药剂量(20 mg/kg)的恩诺沙星不会导致异育银鲫出现肝损伤.     

水产用聚维酮碘对异育银鲫养殖的安全性评价

评价水产用聚维酮碘对异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)养殖的安全性,为其在异育银鲫养殖中的安全应用提供了重要的科学依据,本研究参照国家标准及相关法规,在观察了聚维酮碘对小球藻(Chlorella sp.)生长抑制作用、对水产益生菌抑菌效果以及对大型蚤(Daphnia magna straus)、斑马鱼(Brachydanio rerio)和异育银鲫的急性毒性的基础上,分析其对异育银鲫及其养殖水体主要有害理化因子的影响.实验结果表明,聚维酮碘在终浓度为6.00 ～ 14.00 mg/L时对小球藻生长具有促进作用,对小球藻的半数抑制浓度大于14.00 mg/L,对水产益生菌的最小抑菌浓度为128～512 mg/L,对大型蚤、斑马鱼的半数致死浓度分别为13.44 mg/L、17.63 mg/L.此外,聚维酮碘对异育银鲫的半数致死浓度为74.77 mg/L,而且在养殖水体中加入聚维酮碘至终浓度为0.20 ～ 1.40 mg/L后14 d内,随着聚维酮碘浓度的增加,各浓度组异育银鲫养殖水体的氨氮含量、亚硝酸盐含量均缓慢下降.本研究证实聚维酮碘低毒,但考虑到其可能对异育银鲫养殖水体中大型蚤等浮游动物存在潜在影响,建议其在异育银鲫养殖中的安全应用浓度应不高于1.34 mg/L,在该安全应用浓度内不会引起养殖水中氨氮、亚硝酸盐等有害因子含量的增加.     

草甘膦对草鱼、鲢鱼和鲫鱼的毒性

【背景】草甘膦是一种灭生性除草剂,对防治多年生杂草效果明显。近年来,草甘膦被广泛用于防治鱼塘水生杂草,其对鱼类的安全性逐渐受到关注。【方法】采用半静态法测试了草甘膦对草鱼、鲢鱼和鲫鱼的急性毒性,并计算出其对草鱼、鲢鱼和鲫鱼的安全浓度。【结果】随着受试鱼苗在药液中暴露时间的延长,LG50值逐渐减小;草甘膦对草鱼、鲢鱼和鲫鱼的96h LC50值分别为0．2518、0．2588和0．2599mg·L^-1;草甘膦对草鱼、鲢鱼和鲫鱼的安全浓度分别为0．0252、0．0259和0．0260mg·L^-1。【结论与意义】草甘膦对草鱼、鲢鱼和鲫鱼高毒,该结果对指导淡水养殖区杂草防除时科学使用草甘膦具有重要的实践意义。     

使它隆对草鱼、鲢鱼和鲫鱼的急性毒性

【背景】有关农药对水生生物的毒性和影响已有大量的报道,但关于使它隆对水生生物影响的研究较少。【方法】采用半静态法测试了使它隆对草鱼、鲢鱼和鲫鱼的急性毒性,并计算使它隆对草鱼、鲢鱼和鲫鱼的安全浓度。试验过程中,水温保持在25℃±1℃。【结果】随着受试鱼苗在药液中暴露时间的延长,LC50值逐渐减小。使它隆对草鱼、鲢鱼和鲫鱼的96h LC50值分别为0．4764、0．3962和0．6918mg·L^-1。使它隆对草鱼、鲢鱼和鲫鱼的安全浓度分别为0．0476、0．0392和0．0692mg·L^-1【结论与意义】使它隆对草鱼、鲢鱼和鲫鱼表现高毒,这为使它隆的风险评估和环境安全管理提供了依据。     

金黄角头小蜂及寄主新纪录(膜翅目:小蜂科)

金黄角头小蜂Dirhinus auratus Ashmead(小蜂科:角头小蜂亚科)在中国大陆首次纪录,研究标本均由家蝇蛹放于室外诱集后饲养获得;家蝇蛹为金黄角头小蜂的寄主新记录.本文提供了金黄角头金小蜂形态描述、分布及形态特征图.研究标本保存在中国科学院动物研究所动物标本馆及安徽师范大学标本馆.